Youre a Mexican, and always will be. The assistant quartermasters staff included young Sergeant Edward Everett, to whom Ralston had extended a clerkship while Everett recovered from a pistol wound. Defenders of the Alamo are defined as those who fought and died during the final battle on March 6, 1836. The monument was erected in grey Georgia marble and pink Texas granite. Although Albert Martin's body was likely burned and his ashes scattered in Texas by the Mexican troops, the cenotaph memorializes his death at the Martin family plot in Providence. Issuance was dependent upon the military muster lists and either the veterans or their heirs filing a claim, a process that required an upfront fee to complete. In 1883 the state of Texas purchased the Alamo, and in 1903 it acquired the title to the remainder of the old mission grounds. Lindley (2003), p. 143; Groneman (1990), p. 111. Samuel H. Walker. tourist attractions and odd sights in Texas, Giant Empty Cross, Large Jesus on Horseback, Memorial to America's Worst Drunk Driving Accident. He led the only Tejano unit present at the Battle of San Jacinto where Santa Anna was defeated, and independence was eventually attained. operated by Alamo Trust, Inc., a Texas non-profit Fragments of flesh, bones and charred wood and ashes revealed it in all of its terrible truth, recalled Pablo Diaz, who as a young man had been forced to gather wood that day. Many know the famous names of James Bowie, William B. Travis, and David Crockett as men who died defending the Alamo, but there were about 200 others there during the Battle. (1998), p. 121. [3] When the Texian volunteer soldiers gained control of the fortress at the Siege of Bxar, compelling Cos to surrender on December 9, many saw his expulsion to the other side of the Rio Grande as the end of Mexican forces in Texas. In truth, the fate of the cremated remains is far sadder. Groneman (1990), pp. But That Was Just the Beginning. The northeast end of one of the pyres extended into the eastern portion of the front yard of what is now the Ludlow House. In 1911, San Antonio Express reporter Charles Merritt Barnes wrote of two pyres along Commerce Street, on a property known as the Ludlow House, and another about 250 yards southeast, at the old Post House or Springfield House. Colonel Juan Nepomuceno Seguin'sAlamo Defenders' Burial OrationColumbia (Later Houston)Telegraph and Texas Register April 4, 1837. This was meant to indicate that the defenders were fighting for their rights to democratic government under the Mexican constitution of that year. The doctor said the soldiers first fired the chapel interior, dominated by a large, wooden artillery platform extending from the great front doors to the top of the rear wall. Lindley (2003), p. 144; Groneman (1990), p. 8; Todish (1998), p. 76. I didnt see any kind of indicators that it was Native American or Mexican, but Im only looking at the back of the skull. If Dannings analysis is correct, that would rule out any Mexican soldiers or Indian converts from the mission period. Create Your Own Bizarre Road Trips! Groneman (2001), p. 1; The Alamo was under Sam Houston's authority as commander-in-chief of the paid army, which included Neill, Bowie, Travis and Crockett. And Mexican-American history isnt the only piece of the past thats distorted by the Alamo myth. And the battle of the Alamo was not fought to the last man, as many of the defenders of the Alamo escaped. A muster roll of the final day of the battle does not exist, and therefore historians reconstruct the list of Defenders from available information. After the siege in February and March of 1836, all of them died at the hands of their Mexican adversaries -- and then what happened? Legend would later credit West with sending word of San Anna's whereabouts to Houston and then entertaining the Mexican general, distracting him enough that Houston's troops swept in at San Jacinto and defeated the Mexican army. Hermann Lungkwitzs workAlameda,painted between 1874 and 1890, shows trees that are damaged, possibly from the flames of the funeral pyres. Last entry is 15 minutes prior to closing. Although there had been previous plans for Alamo monuments, starting in the late 1800s, the Alamo Cenotaph was the first such erected in San Antonio. 3. The event is free and open to the public. Bernard, a Texian captive whod been spared execution at Goliad, documented the Mexican armys departure from San Antonio. Groneman (1990), p. 71; Moore (2007), p. 100. History is who we are and why we are the way we are.. It was entitled The Spirit of Sacrifice and incorporates images of the Alamo garrison leaders and 187 names of known Alamo defenders, derived from the research of historian Amelia Williams. As new research comes to light, this list and the history of each Defender might change. Some were recent immigrants from the United States, or even from Europe, and had joined the cause to defend Texas liberty. 6061, 66; Todish (1998), p. 89; Lindley (2003), p. 133. Even as the nation is undergoing a sweeping reassessment of its racial history, and despite decades of academic research that casts the Texas Revolt and the Alamos siege in a new light, little of this has permeated the conversation in Texas. According to Esparza, Tejanos discussed the matter with Bowie who advised them to take the amnesty. The pyres were on opposite sides of what is now East Commerce Street, one where the now-demolishedHalff building sat, and the other on the site of the old Ludlow house, according to the newspapers account. At the Southwest corner of the Alamo, you are welcomed by Alamo Defender, Jos Toribio Losoya at the location of his family's home. Purported to hold the ashes of Travis, Bowie and Crockett, some have doubted it can be proven whose remains are entombed there. 2627; Lindley (2003), p. 202. [24] In lieu of service pay, the cash-poor Republic of Texas adopted the system of military land grants. Any "box" that might have existed has long since returned to the earth. An 1837 account of the funeral led by Seguin in the Telegraph and Texas Register said that ashes of the Alamo fallen were deposited at an unspecified place of interment after three volleys of musketry were fired to honor them at two pyre sites. and the land covered over by buildings, severing our historical connection with these sacred sites. Who were they? One of the children, now 14 years old, told police that her father had been sexually assaulting her since she was 8. This article was published in the February 2021 issue ofWild West. In 1995, it was placed on a rock wall further west on Commerce Street, with a bronze plaque explaining the move. Finally, there is a 1906 account from city clerk August Biesenbach, who told San Antonio Express reporter Charles Merritt Barnes that years after the battle some of the fragments of heads, skulls, arms and hands had been removed and buried at the Odd Fellows Cemetery, about a mile east of the Alamo. For too long, the revolt has been viewed by many as a war fought by all Anglos against all of Mexican descent. There is no evidence Davy Crockett went down fighting, as John Wayne famously did in his 1960 movie The Alamo, a font of misinformation; there is ample testimony from Mexican soldiers that Crockett surrendered and was executed. The most notable group from Gonzales in the final days was the Gonzales Mounted Ranger Company, nicknamed the Immortal 32 in later decades, although the exact head count of that company varies by source. Some were placed in a coffin and taken to San Fernando church, then carried in a procession through the town, back to the east side of the river, and buried. A marble sarcophagus in the entry of San Fernando Cathedral has markers nearby, saying it contains the remains of Alamo defenders. There are many people who were at the Alamo prior to that day who are not part of the Defenders list, including couriers sent out during the siege to inform the rest of Texas and the world of what was happening at the Alamo. Six Alamo defenders are listed officially as being from New York. Hendrick Arnold, a free man of mixed race, emigrated from Mississippi in 1826, settling in Stephen F. Austin's Colony on the Brazos River. Yes, my friends, they preferred to die a thousand times rather than . More by Sarah Reveley. Lindley (2003), p. 144; Todish (1998), p. 84. The group has even started a DNA database of its members. 3536; Todish (1998), p. 78; Moore (2007), p. 100. There, nearly a year after the battle, local authorities had the ashes of the Texian defenders scooped into a lone coffin and interred with military honors. 53, 58 "Efficient in the Cause" (Stephen L. Harden); Lindley (2003), pp. 2023 TIME USA, LLC. Susannah later remarried and ran a boarding house until her death in 1883. You have reached your limit of 4 free articles. Purported to hold the ashes of Travis, Bowie and Crockett, some have doubted it can be proven whose remains are entombed there.[14]. Their ashes were not interred until almost a year later. This Monday, March 6, marks the anniversary of the fall of the Alamo outside of San Antonio, Texas, back in 1836. Time passed on, wrote S.J. Some researchers believe they were placed somewhere in what now is Alamo Plaza. For starters, not all of the defenders remains wound up in Santa Annas funeral pyresa fact generally unknown beyond a small circle of Alamo scholars and enthusiasts. Groneman (1990), p. 30; Moore (2007), p. 100. One, a marble plaque, had been placed through De Zavalas efforts at the Halff Building, then moved to its current location in 1995. 94, 134. Subscribe to our free daily newsletter for the latest headlines first thing every morning. Todish (1998), p. 82; Moore (2007), p. 100. In 1889 he recalled having had the ashes buried within San Antonios San Fernando Cathedral, in front of the altar railings, but very near the altar steps. Jos Mara Rodriguez, who witnessed the storming of the Alamo as a child, later expressed doubt the ashes had been buried inside the sanctuary without the common knowledge of his fellow parishioners, though a marble sarcophagus just inside the entrance of the present-day cathedral supposedly holds those ashes. HistoryNet.com contains daily features, photo galleries and over 25,000 articles originally published in our nine magazines. His definitive cry, "Victory or Death," ensured that Texans remembered the Alamo. In his 1890 book San Antonio de Bxar: A Guide and History author William Corner recalled one specific discovery of remains that echoes the descriptions of Everett and Bernard. Lindley (2003), p. 144; Groneman (1990), p. 111. More, Roadside Presidents app for iPhone, iPad. The locations of the pyres have been described in personal accounts but have not been archaeologically confirmed. 45; Jackson, Wheat (2005), p. 367. One of the great mysteries of the Alamo one that lingers today as a critical issue in how the historic site is interpreted is the location of funeral pyres where bodies of some 200 men were burned after the morning battle on March 6, 1836. HistoryNet.com is brought to you by HistoryNet LLC, the worlds largest publisher of history magazines. Stories, reports and tips on tourist attractions and odd sights in Texas. He served as an Alamo courier, and valiantly led his fellow Tejanos as a Captain at the Battle of San Jacinto. The monument was erected in celebration of the centenary of the battle, and bears the names of those known to have fought there on the Texas side.[2]. It also became a symbol of fierce resistance for the people of Texas and a rallying cry during the Mexican-American War. Click to email a link to a friend (Opens in new window), Click to share on Facebook (Opens in new window), Click to share on Twitter (Opens in new window), Click to share on LinkedIn (Opens in new window), Click to share on Reddit (Opens in new window). So much of what we know about the battle is provably wrong. Todish (1998), p. 81; Hopewell (1994), p. 125; Nofi (1992), p. 131. Nothing is wanted but money, he wrote in a pair of 1832 letters, and Negros are necessary to make it. Each time a Mexican government threatened to outlaw slavery, many in Austins colony began packing to go home. Lindley (2003), p. 143; Groneman (1990), p. 80. The third attack overwhelmed the defenses of the weak north wall. The 115names were supplied by couriers John Smith and Gerald Navan,[17] whom historian Thomas Ricks Lindley believed likely drew from their own memories, as well as from interviews with those who might have left or tried to enter. [5], Garrison commander James C. Neill went home on family matters February 11, 1836, leaving James Bowie and William B. Travis as co-commanders over the predominantly volunteer force. (There had been one previous monument in Austin, but it was lost in a Capitol fire.) The odds were certainly not in their favor. Alamo researcher Sarah Reveley, a member of the Daughters of the Republic of Texas who has studied information on the pyres and historic maps, believes the two most credible pyre sites are both in downtown parking garages the Ludlow site on the western end of the Shops at Rivercenter garage, and the Springfield site in the area the citys Convention Center garage at 850 E. Commerce St. As for possible burial sites of defenders remains, the location of the oft-cited peach orchard has not been identified. In the fall of 1837, he collected and interred the remains of the Alamo defenders. There, nearly a year after the battle, local authorities had the ashes of the Texian defenders scooped into a lone coffin and interred with military honors. In December 1835, he helped guide the Texans through the streets during the Battle of Bxar. He wrote some dramatic letters during the ensuing siege, its true, but how anyone could attest to the defenders bravery is beyond us. The Alamo sat in ruins until Captain Ralstons intervention in 1846. Moore (2004), pp. RoadsideAmerica.comYour Online Guide to Offbeat Tourist Attractions. operated by. William Luther / San Antonio Express-News. Lindley (2003), p. 90; Groneman (1990), pp. Groneman (1990), p. 9; Moore (2007), p. 100. The Alamo and its defenders, according to historian Stephen L. Hardin, "transcended mere history; both entered the realm of myth." Indeed, the siege and battle of the Alamo serves today as a definition of American character. On March 28, 1837, an official public ceremony was conducted to give a Christian burial to the ashes. The version most Americans know, the Heroic Anglo Narrative that has held sway for nearly 200 years, holds that American colonists revolted against Mexico because they were oppressed and fought for their freedom, a narrative that has been soundly rebutted by 30-plus years of academic scholarship. When the government tries to collect taxes, they shoot and kill American soldiers. 7475; Groneman (1990), pp. Test your knowledge withour Defender's Crossword Puzzle. Everetts renderings of the Alamo ruins support eyewitness accounts of the battle and its aftermath. It has been said that the sarcophagus in the entrance at the San Fernando Cathedral contains the remains of defenders of the Alamo whose bodies were burned after the 1836 battle. C. Neill, Left after February 25, later served as a baggage guard at the Battle of San Jacinto, Entered March 1 or 4 Gonzales Mounted Ranger Company; namesake of. Between 1,800 and 6,000 Mexican soldiers besieged the fort, while . Historical experts have said the remains are not likely Alamo defenders, but possibly fallen participants of the 1813 Battle of Rosillo. Based on the 1836 standoff between a group of Texan and Tejano men, led by Davy Crockett and Jim Bowie, and Mexican dictator Santa Anna's forces at the Alamo in San Antonio Texas. Battle of the Alamo, battle during the Texas Revolution that occurred from February 23 to March 6, 1836, in San Antonio, Texas. The Battle of the Alamo (February 23 - March 6, 1836) was a crucial conflict of the Texas Revolution. The Alamo Mission in San Antonia, often referred to simply as The Alamo, is a former Spanish mission built in San Antonio, Texas. Census data indicates that Latinos are poised to become a majority of the Texas population any year now, and for them, the Alamo has long been viewed as a symbol of Anglo oppression. The artist is convinced she found at least one other clue as to the identity of the deceased. On April 16, 1836, the Mexican Army captured West and other New Washington, TX residents. They chose never to surrender nor retreat; these brave hearts, with flag still proudly waving, perished in the flames of immortality that their high sacrifice might lead to the founding of this Texas.[5]. The stones in the church wall were spotted with blood, she said, the doors were splintered and battered in. On entering the chapel, she maneuvered around pools of blood and heaps of dead Texians, one of whom seemed to stare at her wildly with open eyes. Groneman (1990), pp. Bodies of fallen Mexican soldiers were buried or dumped in the San Antonio River. Attraction status, hours and prices change without notice; call ahead! No such mass grave has ever been found. Most historians agree that a few of the defenders were captured but were executed as rebels on the specific orders of Santa Anna. In 1912, Barnes wrote a lengthy article about the Springfield House and its pending demolition. When the U.S. insists they follow American laws and pay American taxes, they refuse. Now you can imagine how Mexican President Antonio Lpez de Santa Anna would have felt in 1835, because thats pretty much the story of the revolution that paved the way for Texas to become its own nation and then an American state. [11] The bodies, with the exception of Gregorio Esparza's, were cremated on pyres and abandoned. But the many myths surrounding Texas birth, especially those cloaking the fabled 1836 siege at the Alamo mission in San Antonio, remain cherished in the state. 101102; Todish (1998), p. 90. [16], Research into the battle, and exactly who was inside the fortress, began when the Alamo fell and has continued with no signs of abatement. Illustration of the Battle of the Alamo, San Antonio, Texas, March 6, 1836. Two markers nonetheless remain today on a stone wall by a pedestrian bridge on the south side of Commerce, across from the Shops at Rivercenter mall parking garage, denoting the area where pyres are believed to have burned. With Dennis Quaid, Billy Bob Thornton, Jason Patric, Patrick Wilson. No archaeological research was done, since the work predated the states Antiquities Act. List of Alamo defenders. A volunteer force under the joint command of William Barrett Travis, newly arrived in Texas, and James Bowie, and including Davy Crockett and his company of Tennesseans, and Juan Seguin's company of Hispanic Texan volunteers occupied and fortified the deserted mission and determined to hold San Antonio against all opposition. Poyo (1996), pp. Segun became the first Tejano to serve in the new Republic's Senate. This event is so significant in my mind that I always try to devote a column that honors the heroism of these men on or around the anniversary of the occasion. In time, as we know now, they put away their suitcases and brought out their guns. In 1982, Ozzy Osbourne, while wearing his future wife's dress because she had hidden his clothes, drunkenly urinated on the Alamo Cenotaph. Groneman (1990), p. 53; Lindley (2003), p. 144; Moore (2007), p. 100. In 1964 an Ohio woman took up the challenge that had led to Amelia Earharts disappearance. History is a guide to navigation in perilous times. Groneman (1990), p. 47; Edmondson (2000), p. 371. After the battle, and Almeron's death,they were freed to spread the word of what had happened at the Alamo. The issue is controversial. 18, 135, 182; Lindley (2003), pp. He taught school, edited a newspaper, and passed the barall before turning 21 years-old. Defenders of the Alamo are defined as those who fought and died during the final battle on March 6, 1836. Jos Toribio Losoya by William Easley Jos Toribio Losoya was born in the Alamo barrio on April 11, 1808, only to pass away less than three decades later during the Battle of 1836 defending the Alamo. By most accounts, most or all of the corpses are believed to have been burned along the Alameda, a dirt road running along rows of cottonwood trees, where Commerce Street is now a major thoroughfare downtown. Excavations in 1985 unearthed 847 recovered specimens and 245 bone fragments. The Alamo Cenotaph, also known as The Spirit of Sacrifice, is a monument in San Antonio, Texas, United States, commemorating the Battle of the Alamo of the Texas Revolution, which was fought at the adjacent Alamo Mission. (signed) William Barret Travis, February 23, 1836" Letter to Gonzales alcalde Andrew Ponton. Some Tejanos were part of the Bexar military garrison, but others were part of Seguin's volunteer scout company and were in the Alamo on or before Feb 23. The Ludlow House, a three-story red brick boarding house built in about 1901, was razed in 1938 for a parking lot and later a Joskes tire outlet that was demolished in 1984. Lindley (2003). Some were native San Antonians of Mexican heritage who were defending their home. 5254, 100. In the aftermath of the Texas Revolution travelers to San Antonio were drawn to the site of the celebrated Battle of the Alamo. A chain-enclosed 10-foot-square area there marks the site where Biesenbach said defenders remains were buried, midway between the monuments of two Texas Rangers Capt. Lindley (2003), p. 144; Todish (1998), p. 79. The Cathedral is about a mile west of the Alamo, facing Main Plaza (the heart of the city), just west of the river, between W. Market and W. Commerce Sts. The Alamo: Directed by John Lee Hancock. 374, 377. Partial scan of the March 24, 1836 Telegraph and Texas Register with the first Texian list of defenders killed at the Battle of the Alamo. Until March 4, Houston's authority did not extend to volunteers and local militias, which were the majority of the fighting force inside the Alamo. Lindley (2003), p. 144; Todish (1998), p. 76. But other cultural groups are opposed to DNA testing on religious grounds. A number of Texians known to have died at the Alamo are listed among the wounded on a muster roll after that December engagement. On March 6, 1836, Mexican forces stormed the Alamo, a fortress-like old mission in San Antonio where some 200 rebellious Texans had been holed up for weeks. Send them to us. It is believed most of the Tejanos left when Seguin did, either as couriers or because of the amnesty. There was an error and we couldn't process your subscription. Death united in one place both friends and enemies, recalled Mexican Colonel Jos Enrique de la Pea of that hellish day, adding, within a few hours a funeral pyre rendered into ashes those men who moments before had been so brave that in a blind fury they had unselfishly offered their lives and had met their ends in combat.. The shaft rises sixty feet from its base which is forty feet long and twelve feet wide. When the building was demolished in 1968 for the extension of the paseo del rio, Bill Sinkin and his wife, the building owners then, removed one of the plaques and stored it for safekeeping. At first the battle was primarily a siege marked by artillery duels and small skirmishes. In 1860, Ruiz recounted what he had seen for the Texas Almanac. In 1910, Charles Barnes, journalist-historian and writer for the Express-News, published Combats and Conquests of Immortal Heroes and stated: When the slaughter was done, Santa Anna was confronted with the problem of disposing the dead. Jos Toribio Losoya was born in the Alamo barrio on April 11, 1808, only to pass away less than three decades later during the Battle of 1836 defending the Alamo. Bowie and Travis served as co-commanders of the Alamo until Bowie became so ill that he was confined to his sickbed, where he was killed in the famous battle on March 6, 1836. Among the remains were two femur bones between stained ground amid an alignment of nails and wood fragments. Deep down in the debris, Corner wrote, were found two or three skeletons that had evidently been hastily covered with rubbish after the fall, for with them were found fur caps and buckskin trappings, undoubted relics of the ever memorable last stand. He dates the discovery to the 184954 tenure of Major Edwin Burr Babbitt of the Quartermaster Corps, who oversaw the construction of a wooden roof on the chapel, as well as a second floor and the iconic hump atop the Alamo facade. Sarah Reveley is a sixth generation German-Texan and native San Antonian with a love for Texas history. Among those buried in the mission compound before or during the 13-day siege may be men who succumbed to wounds suffered during the December 1835 Siege of Bxar. [3] Later research has shown some listed on the cenotaph were not there, and the total of Alamo combatants has risen with newer research. More recent discoveries of human remains at the Alamo extend hope for a more complete accounting of those buried there, perhaps even revealing defenders whose corpses were spared the flames. The murky fate of the Texian dead grows murkier after human remains turn up inside the famed San Antonio mission chapel, https://www.historynet.com/skeletons-in-buckskin-at-the-alamo/, Jerrie Mock: Record-Breaking American Female Pilot, When 21 Sikh Soldiers Fought the Odds Against 10,000 Pashtun Warriors. [15] Santa Anna reported to Mexico's Secretary of War Tornel that Texian fatalities exceeded 600. In a March 6, 1836, victory dispatch Santa Anna noted, More than 600 corpses of the foreigners were buried in the ditches and entrenchmentshis bloated estimate of Texian dead as absurd as his burial claim. 3637. The park, in proximity to two sites where Alamo defenders bodies are believed to have been burned in funeral pyres, has been suggested as a possible future site for the 1930s Alamo Cenotaph, if it is relocated. Meaning the Alamos defenders, far from being the valiant defenders who delayed Santa Anna, pretty much died for nothing. Santa Anna's Mexican army killed virtually all of the roughly 200 Texans (or Texians) defending the Alamo, including their leaders, Colonels William B. Travis and James Bowie, and the legendary. Mystery surrounds remains of Alamo fallen, Man and adult stepdaughter accused of sexual assault on children. We want men and provisions. [8] Travis repeatedly dispatched couriers with pleas for reinforcements. San Antonio remained a Mexican town. At one point the Ludlow House was the home of the Salvation Army chapel, and an old photo shows the plaque on the building then. Frontiersman and congressman, his life was portrayed in many exploits during and after his death. [1] President Antonio Lpez de Santa Anna and the government in Mexico City believed the United States had instigated the insurrection with a goal of annexing Texas. Among the defenders that day was Davy Crockett, a former . Todish et al. The very first Mayor of San Antonio under the Republic of Texas, John William Smith, played an important role in early Texas history. Lindley (2003), p. 144; Groneman (1990), p. 76. William Travis never drew any line in the sand; this was a tale concocted by an amateur historian in the late 1800s. School districts to pay millions as bond debt program Man suspected of serial arson in far south Bexar County area, San Antonio man who shot Good Samaritan sentenced, New Alamo Collections Center named for local philanthropist. In the first place, the eyebrows, the nose and the cheekbones are all broken off, Danning notes, so what youre looking at is the overall shape of the cranial bowl and the thickness of the skull. Terry Scott Bertling / San Antonio Express-News. Ron J. Jackson Jr. is a regular Wild West contributor and the award-winning author of Joe, the Slave Who Became an Alamo Legend (co-authored by Lee Spencer White), Alamo Survivors (also co-authored by Lee Spencer White) and Alamo Legacy: Alamo Descendants Remember the Alamo. The ceremony has been long forgottenand the land covered over by buildings, severing our historical connection with these sacred sites. By then the presence of defenders skeletal remains within the chapel was common knowledge in San Antonio. So why does any of this matter? [7], A fierce defense was launched from within the walls, even as Bowie and Travis made unsuccessful attempts to negotiate with the Mexican army. Mexican forces under General Antonio Lopez de Santa Anna continued to sweep across . It was believed they were buried in the vicinity of the Alamo, but their exact location was forgotten over time. Even the notion they fought to the last man turns out to be untrue. Last edited on 28 February 2023, at 16:08, To the People of Texas & All Americans in the World, List of Texian survivors of the Battle of the Alamo, "Telegraph and Texas Register May 28, 1837", https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=List_of_Alamo_defenders&oldid=1142115922, Left on March 5 as the final courier sent from the Alamo, First courier sent out after arrival of Mexican troops on February 23, Adjutant of the garrison, next in command after co-commanders Bowie and Travis, Left February 29 as a courier to Gonzales, unable to enter the Alamo, Courier to Goliad and Gonzales, returned March 3, possibly died manning one of the cannons, Co-commander of the garrison after the departure of James.
Sentry Ignore Exception, Disney Cast Member Service Awards, Articles W