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Acholi - Minority Rights Group Acholi officers now expected Obote to appoint an Acholi to replace Oyite Ojok. Retrieved February 23, 2023 from Encyclopedia.com: https://www.encyclopedia.com/humanities/encyclopedias-almanacs-transcripts-and-maps/acholi. Then, copy and paste the text into your bibliography or works cited list. They have also "played a vital role in Acholi traditional reconciliation processes and in preparing the community to receive former combatants. In the pre-colonial era, all the Acholi believed in the same superior being, YA Latwer. London: James Currey. Sign up to Minority rights Group International's newsletter to stay up to date with the latest news and publications. Lineage heads, assisted by lineage elders, organized both production (based on cooperative village-lineage labor) and reproduction (through the control of the material means and ideological rules of marriage). "[21] In discussing the peace talks of 20052007, Latigo noted leaders who called for a revival of the traditional processes of the indigenous people by which they worked for accountability and justice, namely, mato oput. Performance cookies are used to understand and analyse the key performance indexes of the website which helps in delivering a better user experience for the visitors. The word 'Acholi' is a misnomer that became adopted for convenience over the years. Social Organization. Starting in the late seventeenth century, a new sociopolitical order developed among the Luo of Northern Uganda, mainly characterized by the formation of chiefdoms headed by Rwodi (sg. The building of houses and granaries has historically involved both men and women, with each performing specified functions. The EU's External Democracy Action in a New Geopolitical Reality: Policy Brief. with the British and those who managed to obtain Western education. The Holy Spirit Movement and Its Fight against Evil in the North." The colonial experience of the Acholi differed greatly from the experience of those in the Nevertheless, many remain in a state of displacement. common identity had already formed prior to that during the 18th century. morphed into Chuuli, before finally becoming Acholi as it was applicated with the pronoun The third group of spirits were those of unknown persons and dangerous beasts; these were hostile, personified as ghosts, believed to cause sickness and other misfortunes, and dealt with by means of spirit possession. The Acholi dialect is a Western Nilotic language, classified as Luo (or Lwo). The civil war devastated the lives and livelihoods of the Acholi people of the north. Visit the repository for full metadata or to contact the repository team Let us know if you have suggestions to improve this article (requires login). Organizations that are driven by unhealthy levels of political behavior suffer from lowered employee organizational commitment, job satisfaction, and performance as well as higher levels of job anxiety and depression. ." [12] These camps had some of the highest mortality rates in the world, with an estimated 1,000 people dying per week at one point. London: Oxford University Press. Within the Cite this article tool, pick a style to see how all available information looks when formatted according to that style. It does not correspond to any user ID in the web application and does not store any personally identifiable information. B. Webster, eds. "In 1997, the Catholic, Anglican, Muslim, and later the Orthodox religious leaders of Acholi formalized their increasing cooperation on peace issues by setting up the Acholi Religious Leaders' Peace Initiative (ARLPI). Kinship Terminology. The cookie is used to calculate visitor, session, campaign data and keep track of site usage for the site's analytics report. This article was most recently revised and updated by Amy McKenna. Encyclopaedia Britannica's editors oversee subject areas in which they have extensive knowledge, whether from years of experience gained by working on that content or via study for an advanced degree. [18] It is important because it is intended to restore communities to balance, and to bring people back into relation in their home communities, where ideally they would return at the end of the war. The conflict", UGANDA: 1,000 displaced die every week in war-torn north - report | Uganda | Refugees/IDPs, UGANDA/DRC: OPERATION RUDIA II UPDATE 2009-06-29, "The Anguish of Northern Uganda - Section 1 - Uganda", Sample of written Acholi from the Language Encyclopedia, https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Acholi_people&oldid=1142669727, All articles with bare URLs for citations, Articles with bare URLs for citations from March 2022, Short description is different from Wikidata, "Related ethnic groups" needing confirmation, Articles using infobox ethnic group with image parameters, Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License 3.0. These include Christian marriage (with or without bride-wealth), elopement, and single parenthood. While rwodi, members of royal lineages, and lineage heads all seem to have been somewhat better off than others before the latter part of the nineteenth century, social stratification appears limited, owing primarily to both limited wealth in the society and redistribution. Dwyer, John Orr (1972) 'The Acholi of Uganda: adjustment to imperialism'. Peace negotiations to end the long-running rebellion by the Lords Resistance Army continued, while security in the north improved through 2007. 13.4 Organizational Politics - Organizational Behavior Women daubed the walls with mud, decorating them with geometrical or conventional designs in red, white or grey. With independence, the Acholi remained marginal within the framework of Uganda as a whole, with one crucial exception: their disproportionate numbers in the police and army. The Acholi resisted the establishment of the Hansen, Holger B., and Michael Twaddle, eds. "[20] They have continued to work to end the war through negotiation. Individual antecedents of political behavior include political . This cookie is set by GDPR Cookie Consent plugin. "[15] Although they were believed to have supernatural powers, the chiefs ruled through a Council of Clan Elders, so they never ruled singlehandedly. With colonial rule Similarly, when Yoweri Musevenis National Resistance Army (NRA) took power in 1986, there were revenge killings and looting of livestock in the north of the country. (1976). Our editors will review what youve submitted and determine whether to revise the article. thesis, University of Nairobi. As some of these languages show some form The cult-like militia has abducted an estimated 25,000 children over the years, forcing them to commit heinous atrocities against civilians. In terms of the afterlife, although spirits of the dead are believed to continue to exist and manifest themselves, there is no belief in a heaven to reward the virtuous or a hell to punish the sinful. The account of the Acholi reaching At the peak of the conflict, 90% of the Acholi population moved into IDP camps designed as protected villages. Killing of a person was prohibited but if it took place, negotiations for blood money were led by the victim's family, with agreement followed by rituals of a reconciliation ceremony to restore the killer to the community, and to bring peace between clans. Political organisation - Wikipedia Socialization. of mutual intelligibility amongst each other, they were at times interpreted as a dialectal cluster neighboring chiefdoms within the same zone. Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press. Milton Obote, the independence leader, relied heavily on the support of his fellow Luo-speakers - Acholi and Langi - in government. [17] Most of the LRA returnees, numbering 12,000, underwent nyono tong gweno ('stepping on the egg') after returning to their home villages, to help restore them to home. Changing Uganda: The Dilemmas of Structural Adjustment and Revolutionary Change. The available evidence suggests that conflict in Acholi before the end of the nineteenth century, both among Acholi chiefdoms and with neighboring peoples, was neither rare nor endemic. Political Organizations | Internal Revenue Service - IRS tax forms The existence of separate chiefdoms was therefore not an (1955). Before the late seventeenth century, Luo speakers were limited to only a few peripheral areas of Acholi. Encyclopedia.com gives you the ability to cite reference entries and articles according to common styles from the Modern Language Association (MLA), The Chicago Manual of Style, and the American Psychological Association (APA). Following the Due to its central location and the close their inherited wealth to build up prominent twentieth-century families. 53- The 1980 population of the Uganda Acholi was approximately 580,000 (Kasozi 1994, ii), up from some 465,000 in 1969 (Langlands 1971), perhaps 125,000 in 1900 and about 100,000 at the end of the eighteenth century (Atkinson 1994, 275-281). According to the Required electronic filing by tax-exempt political organizations. Cite this article Pick a style below, and copy the text for your bibliography. Despite the years of leadership by men from the North, that region continued to be marginalized economically after independence, and has suffered higher rates of poverty than other areas of the country. against the central government. L. No. into the independence era. It has similarity with Alur, Padhola language, and other Luo languages in South Sudan Shilluk, Anuak,Pari, Balanda, Boor, Thuri. While Bantu speaking groups had begun to occupy During this period of growing integration into the colonial trade routes, the Acholi chiefdoms Although polygyny has often been presented as an ideal, limited means have always made it rare in practice. This book presents seminal anthropological works from that period by p'Bitek himself and by Frank Girling, who was researching among the Acholi when p'Bitek was a teenager. Children are highly prized, and historically a couple did not set up their own household until the birth of their first child, living until then in the household of the husband's mother. [16] In addition, the people have important rituals for cleansing homes and sites, to welcome back people who have been away a long time, to clear spirits from places where killings have occurred, and to welcome people who have been captive. Advertisement cookies are used to provide visitors with relevant ads and marketing campaigns. It was filmed by Australian director Ebony Butler, Simon Hardwidge and Ugandan author Frey Onen. Latigo (2006), "Northern Uganda", p. 90-92, Branch, A. With the coming of the ivory The results showed that students had, On the one hand, languages are translatable, which can be demonstrated from different perspectives such as the general characteristics of language, the parallel linguistic, The purpose of this study was to examine the language attitudes and language practices of Arabic-speaking families living in the United States. Kasozi, A. This cookie is set by Youtube. Relatively small numbers of Acholi have filled middle-level or senior civil-service positions in independent Uganda. The available evidence suggests that conflict in Acholi before the end Corn (maize), sorghum, beans, squash, peanuts (groundnuts), and other savanna crops also are grown. Like Tattered Grass Beneath Warring Elephants: The Destruction of the "Against Humanitarian Impunity: Rethinking Responsibility for Displacement and Disaster in Northern Uganda,", Latigo (2006), "Northern Uganda", pp. (unpublished thesis) Ann Arbor, Michigan: University Microfilms International . Though some sense of a community and identity has persisted among residents, the area is characterized by substandard housing, poor environmental health and limited livelihood opportunities. Orientation Apart from land, the rights to which were passed on equally to all sons, the eldest son was traditionally the designated heir of the father's property, although he was supposed to provide for the needs of his younger brothers. This disorder in Acholi contrasts sharply with the solid organisation of Buganda, which always has a centralized, well-thought out and weighted responses to critical issues such as land and political contention that affect the kingdom. Omissions? Congo. commonly, almost any salaried job in the public or private sector [26] However, it successfully popularised the LRA in the West. He understood the emergence of an Acholi identity as a final step in a social process that did not The chiefs traditionally came from one clan, and each chiefdom had several villages made up of different patrilineal clans. Under Amins brutal regime, an estimated 300,000 died many of them Acholi. Since 1996 this policy has expanded to encompass the entire rural Acholi population of four districts, one million people. We have a small favour to ask: if you appreciate our work, would you mind considering making a donation to support our work? The Roots of Ethnicity: The Origins of the Acholi of Uganda before 1800. 1679-1914." Extensive mission activity in Acholi by both Protestants and Catholics has attracted many followers since the second decade of the twentieth century. window.__mirage2 = {petok:"igNXChGgDPbig_bsHwJgxoRb9NTulTcrPPRjDe2iFNY-86400-0"}; Our interactive map highlights countries most at risk of genocide and mass killing. Historically, the most important public ceremonies were probably those associated with birth, planting, harvesting, and the killing of a large animal or another human being. With higher population densities during the dry seasons, groups of families would fall under the rule of one person known as Jago, or clan chief (Cohen & Atieno-Odhiambo, 1968 , p . "The Evolution of Ethnicity among the Acholi of Uganda: The Pre-colonial Phase." The Lwoo. 1orthern Uganda or Acholiland is formally known as the Acholi sub-region, an area inhab N - ited primarily by speakers of the Acholi language, whom I refer to as the Acholi. But a chief's territory seldom corresponded to any pre-colonial entity, while his wide-ranging executive and judicial powers were a complete novelty. Inheritance. social control in the area. The LRA received much of its financial, logistical and military support from the Khartoum government in neighbouring Sudan. According to Latigo, prior to colonialism, "the Acholi people maintained a traditional government that was rooted firmly in their religious beliefs, norms, and customs, which demanded peace and stability in Acholiland at all times, based on their philosophy of life. The word 'Acholi' is a misnomer that became adopted for convenience over the years. et al., 1972; Heine & Knig, 2010) and Chopi (Storch, 2005) as individual languages, instead Uma, F. K. (1971). The LRA has been targeting civilians, the majority being their own tribe, the Acholi. The Shona-speaking peoples comprise about 80 percent of the population of Zimbabwe,, Swazi Identification and Location. Subsistence and Commercial Activities. They were approached in regard to such general concerns as good health, fertility, and appeals or thanks for good harvests in ceremonies that usually emphasized the consciousness, cohesiveness, and continuation of their respective groups as functioning corporate entities. Since independence, formal schooling has provided a strong socializing influence from outside the home for more and more Acholi, especially those attending secondary school. According to the latest census, there are 1.47 million ethnic Acholi in Uganda, amounting to 4.4 per cent of the total population. Marriage has been typically patrilocal and patriarchal, with the husband and father as the undisputed head of the household. Sons have traditionally learned about farming, hunting, herding, and lineage and chiefdom traditions from their fathers and other lineage males; girls learn farming and domestic duties from their mothers. The rwot was the most important political, economic and social personality in the political entity of 'chiefdoms', which were installed in Acholiland in the late seventeenth, early eighteenth century. [28], In 2012 the American charity Invisible Children produced a documentary about the LRA. The term is derived from "Shuuli," first used by nineteenth-century ivory and slave traders who noted the similarity of Acholi Luo to the language of the previously encountered Shilluk or "Collo" of the southern Sudan (Crazzolara 1938, vii-viii). In the past, medical problems were addressed through approaches to various spirits, by visits to diviners, and by the use of herbs, roots, and other folk medicines. social organization of acholi - Brainly.com Under Ugandan Pres. "State Formation in Acholi: The Emergence of Obbo, Pajok, and Panyikwara States c. interpolity interactions at the county level. This cookie is installed by Google Analytics. More LRA, after losing support from the local population, also turned on the people of northern Uganda Now: Between Decay and Development. Religion of the Central Luo. Idi Amin was also from north Uganda, but was of the Kakwa people. 3 vols. When Britain established its rule during the early twentieth century, both ideological predisposition and practical utility prompted the colonizers to consider the Acholi a "tribe" and to administer the area as a "tribal" unit. The republican constitution adopted in 1967 abolished the monarchies and assigned ultimate political power to an elected president. (1988). The long civil war in the North has destroyed much of their society. Chopi (Storch, 2005), Index of languages, language families, linguistic areas, and ethnic groups.. African languages. The cookie is set by Facebook to show relevant advertisments to the users and measure and improve the advertisements. Comprising less than 5 percent of the country's population, during the early years of independence the Acholi constituted more than 15 percent of the police force and fully a third of the army. The cookie is set by GDPR cookie consent to record the user consent for the cookies in the category "Functional". Political Organization Defined A political organization subject to Code section 527 is a party, committee, association, fund or other organization (whether or not incorporated) organized and operated primarily for the purpose of directly or indirectly accepting contributions or making expenditures, or both, for an exempt function. Langlands, B. W. (1971). ." Idi Amin (197179) the Acholi were severely persecuted and their men systematically executed for their past association with the colonial army and for their support of Pres. The Song of Lawino, one of the most successful African literary works, was written by Okot p'Bitek, published in 1966 in Acholi, and later translated to English. The PEPFAR Uganda 2023 Science Summit on HIV and TB: Following the This trade brought new wealth into Acholi that was unevenly accumulated, with rwodi and interpreters (and eventually their sons and other kinsmen) the major beneficiaries. [10] General Tito Okello was an Acholi, and came to power in a military coup. This made the chiefs more independent from Since independence, a relatively few Acholi army officers have managed Customs may reinforce social justifications for inequitable land rights for men and women. subcounty level; and larger zones of the most intensive (and peaceful) Identification. state, political organization of society, or the body politic, or, more narrowly, the institutions of government. Acholi | people | Britannica others who benefited from the new dispensation, including collaborators Political Organization. political organisation of the acholipadma shri award 2012 list. The cookie also tracks the behavior of the user across the web on sites that have Facebook pixel or Facebook social plugin. southeast by the Langi region and to the south, across the Nile, by Bunyoro. organisation to survive, a common identity had to form to support this new social structure of Social Control. Following the latest redrawing of the administrative divisions, it contains seven districts; Agago, Amuru, Gulu, Kitgum, Nwoya, Lamwo and Pader. Bride-wealth has varied over time but has usually included iron objects, domestic animals, and, in the twentieth century, money. "At Home in the Village: Growing Up in Acholi." Acholi's role in the colonial economy was confined mainly to the peasant production of cotton as a cash crop and the provision of recruits for the colonial army or police and migrant labor for the more "developed" Buganda. portrayed this relationship in his account as rather hostile and negative: Most of these Arabs carrying business of slave trade were coming from Egypt, they Mothers are responsible for the initial care of their children and for much of their socialization. At the same time Joseph Kony formed his own rebel group, Identification. 1.84 million people, mostly Acholi, lived in 251 different Internal Displaced Person camps. They keep sheep and cattle but are not as committed to pastoralism as some other Nilotic peoples are. These cookies track visitors across websites and collect information to provide customised ads. Used to track the information of the embedded YouTube videos on a website. Ceremonies. All affines, meanwhile, are known as "mother." This term then This period of increased contact with non-Acholi accelerated the Traditionally, lineage heads and elders were the most knowledgeable aboutand involved withthe lineage and chiefdom jogi, although rwodi also had a role to play in ceremonies involving the latter. Common synonyms for this type of organization are "interest groups," "pressure groups," and . Much of that hierarchy continued into the independence era. All lineage males, for example, are called "grandfather," "father," "brother," or "son," and all (likely resident) females "sister" or "daughter," depending upon their generational relationship to the speaker. Similarly, General Okello Lutwa who toppled the Obote II regime, was an Acholi. solidification of an Acholi identity, with their common language becoming an important marker. This cookie is set by GDPR Cookie Consent plugin. POLITICAL ORGANIZATION. Uganda Journal 3(3): 175-202. the northern regions, this relationship changed. Customary leadership of the Acholi was severely affected by the long conflict in Northern Uganda, when many Acholi people lived in IDP camps for as long as 20 years. interpreters began to accumulate some of the new wealth brought into million first language speakers at the time. them Shuuli, based on their language being similar to Shilluk from South Sudan. The main point of contact The Age-set spokesmen handled affairs involving interclan cooperation. In search of chiefly authority in 'post-aid' Acholiland David Oyite-Ojok | Military Wiki | Fandom fight the Arab slave traders and his colonial administration was viewed as not very invasive One obvious candidate, Bazilio Olara-Okello who, although unrelated to Tito Okello, was, as in the case of Oyite Ojok, another officer who participated in the overthrow of Idi Amin. Certain rwodi and interpreters began to accumulate some of the new wealth brought into Acholi by international trade, and descendants of some of these men used their inherited wealth to build up prominent twentieth-century families. colonial times, were the Acholi stood often in opposition to the British colonial rule, the starting This cookie is set by doubleclick.net. He has noted that the emphasis on the distinction among ethnic groups has even been part of the internal government dialogue." Localized lineages have been the fundamental social units in Acholi, with chiefdoms providing a layer of organization above the lineages from the late seventeenth to the early twentieth centuries. Further tidying up and smoothing over the grave take place within the week. Encyclopedia of World Cultures. The Acholi, unlike many of their southern neighbours, did not create a form of A single rainy season, from April-May to October-November, produces a reliable annual rainfall nine years of every ten, ranging from 102 centimeters in the central and western portions of Acholi to only 51 centimeters in much of the north and east. Doom, Ruddy and Koen Vlassenroot. Division of Labor. The Acholi of Uganda. During this time, people were separated from their land for long periods, and many people disappeared or were killed. There were the spirits of known relatives, especially lineage ancestors; a second type was the nonancestral jok of the chiefdom as a whole. administration within the region and the district headquarters were erected in the area of the supported them at first also regretted their support after seeing the sufferings of Acholi in PUBLISHED: 27/01/2023. He overthrew Obote's government and established a dictatorship, ultimately suppressing and killing 300,000 people, including many Acholi. Malaria and AIDS have been the primary disease causes of deaths. limited wealth in the society and redistribution. Uganda, leading raids all over the region. A typical household consists of a nuclear family (husband, wife, and unmarried children), although aged parents, unmarried siblings, offspring of deceased siblings, or others are often household members as well. Political organizations are those engaged in political activities (e.g., lobbying, community organizing, campaign advertising, etc.) Industrial Arts. the furthest back is the historical reconstruction by Atkinson (2011 [1994]), who described the Anywa Adhola Analytical cookies are used to understand how visitors interact with the website. Since independence, a relatively few Acholi army officers have managed to accumulate substantial fortunes, as have a few traders.