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Besides the waterways named, there are the Sabine, forming the western boundary; and the Pearl, the eastern boundary; the Calcasieu, the Mermentau, the Vermilion, Bayou Teche, the Atchafalaya, the Boeuf, Bayou Lafourche, the Courtableau River, Bayou D'Arbonne, the Macon River, the Tensas, Amite River, the Tchefuncte, the Tickfaw, the Natalbany River, and a number of other smaller streams, constituting a natural system of navigable waterways, aggregating over 4,000 miles (6,400km) long. Colonial French, although mistakenly named Cajun French by some Cajuns, has persisted alongside English. Renewed interest in the French language in Louisiana has led to the establishment of Canadian-modeled French immersion schools, as well as bilingual signage in the historic French neighborhoods of New Orleans and Lafayette. Juvenile Kool Moe Dee Lloyd Banks Ludacris M.O.P. The city of modernday Epps developed near it. "[251] The number of students in enrolled in private schools in Louisiana declined by 9% from circa 20002005 until 2014, due to the proliferation of charter schools, the 2008 recession and Hurricane Katrina. Louisiana is bordered by the state of Texas to the west, Arkansas to the north, Mississippi to the east, and the Gulf of Mexico to the south. [237] Other Native American peoples migrated into the region, escaping from European pressure from the east. The judiciary of Louisiana is defined under the constitution and law of Louisiana and is composed of the Louisiana Supreme Court, the Louisiana Circuit Courts of Appeal, the district courts, the Justice of the Peace courts, the mayor's courts, the city courts, and the parish courts. Louisiana's municipalities cover only 7.9% of the state's land mass but are home to 45.3% of its population. 416 section L row 17 seat anonymous Celtic Park Celtic FC vs Astana 416 section M row 18 seat anonymous Celtic Park Celtic FC vs Aberdeen FC 416 section Q row 25 seat anonymous Celtic Park Celtic FC 416 section S row seat anonymous Celtic Park Celtic FC 416 section EE The free people of color gained more rights in the colony and sometimes education; they generally spoke French and were Roman Catholic. Robert Gerard Sands ( Irish: Roiberd Gearid Seachnasaigh; [2] 9 March 1954 - 5 May 1981) was a member (and leader in the Maze prison) [3] of the Provisional Irish Republican Army (IRA) who died on hunger strike while imprisoned at HM Prison Maze in Northern Ireland. During the 1984 Louisiana World Exposition, there was a gondola system built to go across the Mississippi River, called Mississippi Aerial River Transit, but was closed less than a year later. Orleans Parish is an exception, as the general law enforcement duties fall to the New Orleans Police Department. Among its energy and other industries, chemical products, petroleum and coal products, processed foods, transportation equipment, and paper products have contributed to a significant portion of the state's GSP. Other non-Christian and non-Jewish religions with a continuous, historical presence in the state have been Islam, Buddhism and Hinduism. 403 section Aa row 12 seat Donaldsonville, Opelousas, and Shreveport have briefly served as the seat of Louisiana state government. After the British defeated France in the French and Indian War (Seven Years' War) in 1763, France ceded its territory east of the Mississippi River to Britain. ", "U.S. federal state of Louisianareal GDP 20002019", "Katrina Effect: LA Tops Nation in Income Growth", "Pew: Arizona, Louisiana among seven states that receive more federal dollars than state tax revenue", "Photos: The Los Isleos Fiesta celebrates Canary Island immigrants, cultural heritage of St. Bernard", "Indigenous Tribes of New Orleans & Louisiana", "The French Language in Louisiana Law and Legal Education: A Requiem", "Louisiana joins international organization of French-speaking governments", "UL Lafayette achieves Carnegie's prestigious R1 designation", "National University Rankings | Top National Universities | US News Best Colleges", "How 19-year-old Zack Kopplin is making life hell for Louisiana's creationists", "Private school enrollment falls 5% in Louisiana, even more in New Orleans, Baton Rouge areas", "Half of Louisiana's voucher students at D or F schools in program's first year, data shows", "Private school vouchers will be used to educate almost 9,000 Louisiana students", "Federal government has right to examine voucher assignments, judge says", "Louisiana sues federal government to repair erosion along Gulf Intracoastal Waterway", "Cost of Voting in the American States: 2020", "Top 10 worst prisons in the United States Exploring-USA", "What is the Police Jury? President Jefferson was an enthusiastic supporter of westward expansion, and held firm in his support for the treaty. This page was last edited on 3 March 2023, at 03:56. The Poverty Point culture was followed by the Tchefuncte and Lake Cormorant cultures of the Tchula period, local manifestations of Early Woodland period. [101] The percentage of black voters ranged widely in the state during these years, from 93.8% in Evangeline Parish to 1.7% in Tensas Parish, for instance, where there were intense white efforts to suppress the vote in the black-majority parish.[102]. Other transit organizations are St. Bernard Urban Rapid Transit, Jefferson Transit, Capital Area Transit System, Lafayette Transit System, Shreveport Area Transit System, and Monroe Transit, among others. The Sunset Limited serves Schriever, New Iberia, Lafayette, and Lake Charles on its route west to Los Angeles via Houston, San Antonio, El Paso, and Tucson. Development, construction, improvement, expansion, and maintenance of an efficient, safe, and well-maintained intermodal transportation system is essential to promote Louisiana's economic growth and the ability of Louisiana's business and industry to compete in regional, national, and global markets and to provide a high quality of life for the people of Louisiana. Despite ranking as the third-least educated state as of 2023, preceded by Mississippi and West Virginia,[14] Louisiana is home to over 40 public and private colleges and universities including: Louisiana State University in Baton Rouge; the University of Louisiana at Lafayette in Lafayette; and Tulane University in New Orleans. [145] These include the Louisiana pinesnake and red-cockaded woodpecker. Many came from peoples of the same region of West Africa, thus concentrating their culture; Filipinos also arrived during colonial Louisiana. Between 2008 and 2010, federal congressional elections were run under a closed primary systemlimited to registered party members. [77], However, on April 11, 1803, French foreign minister Talleyrand surprised Livingston by asking how much the United States was prepared to pay for the entirety of Louisiana, not just New Orleans and the surrounding area (as Livingston's instructions covered). [7], Some Louisiana urban environments have a multicultural, multilingual heritage, being so strongly influenced by a mixture of 18th century Louisiana French (Cajun, Creole), Spanish, French Canadian, Acadian, Dominican Creole, Native American, and West African cultures that they are considered to be exceptional in the U.S. Before the American purchase of the territory in 1803, the presentday U.S. state of Louisiana had been both a French colony and a Spanish one. [187] The black Louisianian population declined following migration to states including New York and California in efforts to flee Jim Crow regulations. [117] Louisiana entered phase one of re-opening the state on May 15. They developed a distinct rural culture there, different from the French Creole colonists of New Orleans. During the latter period, some people began to migrate to cities of the New South for opportunities. On balance, the code benefitted the owners but had more protections and flexibility than did the institution of slavery in the southern Thirteen Colonies. Without such restoration, coastal communities will continue to disappear. See the view from your seat at Celtic Park., page 1. In 2004, David Vitter was the first Republican in Louisiana to be popularly elected as a U.S. The University of Louisiana at Lafayette became an R1 university in December 2021. The United States continued to protect the domestic slave trade, including the coastwise tradethe transport of slaves by ship along the Atlantic Coast and to New Orleans and other Gulf ports. Due to its location on the Gulf Coast, Louisiana has regularly suffered the effects of tropical storms and damaging hurricanes. Eventually former Confederates came to dominate the state legislature after the end of Reconstruction and federal occupation in the late 1870s, and black codes were implemented to regulate freedmen and increasingly restricted the right to vote. [192] African American and French heritage have been dominant since colonial Louisiana. This run-off method does not take into account party identification; therefore, it is not uncommon for a Democrat to be in a runoff with a fellow Democrat or a Republican to be in a runoff with a fellow Republican. [216], From 2010 to 2020, Louisiana's gross state product increased from $213.6billion to $253.3billion, the 26th highest in the United States at the time. The rest of Louisiana west of the Mississippi, as well as the "isle of New Orleans," had become a colony of Spain by the Treaty of Fontainebleau (1762). The unique geography of the region, with the many bayous, marshes and inlets, can result in water damage across a wide area from major hurricanes. Other Hispanic and Latino Americans altogether made up 2.6% of Louisiana's Hispanic or Latino American population. PO Box 818, Granby, MO, 64844-818. Neighboring states and the amount of federal spending received per dollar of federal tax collected were: Texas ($0.94), Arkansas ($1.41), and Mississippi ($2.02). In October 1801 he sent a large military force to take back Saint-Domingue, then under control of Toussaint Louverture after the Haitian Revolution. [263], While the Louisiana Civil Code of 1808 has been continuously revised and updated since its enactment, it is still considered the controlling authority in the state. Data show more diverse population". They are also the official tax collectors in each parish. Minorities are incarcerated at rates disproportionate to their share of the state's population. See the view from your seat at Celtic Park., page 1. The northern part of the state is mildly cool in the winter, with highs averaging 59F (15C). The Crescent serves Slidell then runs northeast to New York via Birmingham, Atlanta, Charlotte, and Washington, D.C. [266] Same-sex marriages were prohibited by statute,[267][268] but the U.S. Supreme Court declared such bans unconstitutional in 2015, in its ruling in Obergefell v. Hodges. It is the 20th-smallest by area and the 25th most populous of the 50 U.S. states. [168] The undocumented immigrant population increased to 70,000 in 2016 and comprised two percent of the state population. On May 21, 1919, the Nineteenth Amendment to the United States Constitution, giving women full rights to vote, was passed at a national level, and was made the law throughout the United States on August 18, 1920. At its peak Cahokia is estimated to have had a population of more than 20,000. [110] An estimated 110,000 homes were damaged and thousands of residents were displaced. On SeatPick you can see what is the recommended place to sit at the venue. The Plaquemine culture in the lower Mississippi River Valley in western Mississippi and eastern Louisiana began in 1200 and continued to about 1600. [71], Anglo-American officials initially made attempts to keep out the additional Creoles of color, but the Louisiana Creoles wanted to increase the Creole population: more than half of the St. Dominican refugees eventually settled in Louisiana, and the majority remained in New Orleans. [279], The New Orleans Police Department began a new sanctuary policy to "no longer cooperate with federal immigration enforcement" beginning on February 28, 2016.[280]. Giving them time off also effectively gave more power to slaves, who started cultivating their own gardens and crafting items for sale as their own property. "[58] Hugh Thomas wrote that Claiborne was unable to enforce the abolition of the Atlantic slave trade, which the U.S. and Great Britain enacted in 1807. Biography, news, photos and videos", "Huey Pierce Long Statue, U.S. Capitol for Louisiana | AOC", "WATCH: Peyton Manning humbled by the honor of being inducted into Louisiana Sports Hall of Fame", "Country star and north Louisiana native Tim McGraw riffs on 'Southern Voice,' sobriety, song searches and Sandra Bullock", "New Orleans native Tyler Perry buys groceries for senior shoppers at 73 stores", "Zachary Richard | Music in Lafayette, LA", "Where the Heart Is: Ian Somerhalder reflects on the allure of his Louisiana parish", "Britney Spears' childhood home sells for less than $300K", "Jamie Lynn Spears' Hometown Reacts: Residents Respond To Pregnancy News", "Lil Wayne Plays Farewell Show in New Orleans", "Shane West on Salem, Star Wars Paraphernalia, and His Japanese Craftsman Home", "Reese Witherspoon & cast of 'Big Little Lies' donate money to help frontline workers in NOLA", "YoungBoy Never Broke Again Builds Momentum at Second Tour Stop in L.A.", Inhuman Bondage: The Rise and Fall of Slavery in the New World, Louisiana: State Resource Guide, from the Library of Congress, cities with populations exceeding 100,000, J. C. "Sonny" Gilbert Wildlife Management Area, Louisiana Department of Culture, Recreation & Tourism, Louisiana Department of Agriculture & Forestry, Louisiana Department of Wildlife and Fisheries, Francisco Hernndez de Crdoba (Yucatn conquistador), Francisco Hernndez de Crdoba (founder of Nicaragua), Indigenous people during De Soto's travels, Assemble parlementaire de la Francophonie, Agence de Coopration Culturelle et Technique, Prix des cinq continents de la francophonie, https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Louisiana&oldid=1142565374, States and territories established in 1812, States of the Confederate States of America, States of the Gulf Coast of the United States, Pages with non-numeric formatnum arguments, Articles incorporating a citation from the 1913 Catholic Encyclopedia with Wikisource reference, Pages containing links to subscription-only content, Short description is different from Wikidata, Wikipedia indefinitely move-protected pages, All Wikipedia articles written in American English, Articles containing Cajun French-language text, Pages using infobox settlement with possible motto list, Pages using infobox settlement with no coordinates, Pages using infobox U.S. state with unknown parameters, Articles containing Spanish-language text, Articles with unsourced statements from August 2021, Articles with unsourced statements from January 2022, Official website different in Wikidata and Wikipedia, Pages using Sister project links with hidden wikidata, Pages using Sister project links with default search, Articles with MusicBrainz area identifiers, Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License 3.0, Rodolfo Batiza, "The Louisiana Civil Code of 1808: Its Actual Sources and Present Relevance", 46, The standard history of the state, though only through the Civil War, is. Most parishes have an elected government known as the Police Jury,[261] dating from the colonial days. In July 2016 the shooting of Alton Sterling sparked protests throughout the state capital of Baton Rouge. Louisiana slowly developed, over millions of years, from water into land, and from north to south. The state's two U.S. senators are Bill Cassidy (R) and John Neely Kennedy (R). Buy Tickets And View The Schedule For Harvard Crimson Football At Polar Park from Box Office Ticket Sales! There is a dip in precipitation in October. Louisiana is the only U.S. state with political subdivisions termed parishes, which are equivalent to counties, making it one of only two U.S. states not subdivided into counties (the other being Alaska and its boroughs). Article II of the Code Noir of 1724 required owners to provide their slaves with religious education in the state religion, Roman Catholicism. 206-339-4941. As described by historian Gwendolyn Midlo Hall, they developed a marked Afro-Creole culture in the colonial era.[226][227]. As a result, France received only $8,831,250 in cash for Louisiana. On October 18, 1802, however, Juan Ventura Morales, acting intendant of Louisiana, made public the intention of Spain to revoke the right of deposit at New Orleans for all cargo from the United States. Louisiana's civil law system is what the majority of sovereign states in the world use, especially in Europe and its former colonies, excluding those that derive their legal systems from the British Empire. (12 December 2021). According to historian Hugh Thomas, "that concession allowed him to bring in a cargo of blacks from Africa every year". Temperatures are generally warm in the winter in the southern part of the state, with highs around New Orleans, Baton Rouge, the rest of southern Louisiana, and the Gulf of Mexico averaging 66F (19C). In practice, the Code Noir was exceedingly difficult to enforce from afar. When the army led by Napoleon's brother-in-law Leclerc was defeated, Napoleon decided to sell Louisiana.[75]. They consist of prairie and woodlands. Louisiana finally ratified the amendment on June 11, 1970.[106]. They refused to extend voting rights to African Americans who had been free before the war and had sometimes obtained education and property (as in New Orleans). In 1765, during Spanish rule, several thousand Acadians from the French colony of Acadia (now Nova Scotia, New Brunswick, and Prince Edward Island) made their way to Louisiana after having been expelled from Acadia by the British government after the French and Indian War. [139], Owing to its location and geology, the state has high biological diversity. The state also has political jurisdiction over the approximately 3-mile (4.8km)-wide portion of subsea land of the inner continental shelf in the Gulf of Mexico. Orleans Parish divided sheriffs' duties between criminal and civil, with a different elected sheriff overseeing each aspect. The Louisiana Black Code of 1806 made the cruel punishment of slaves a crime, but owners and overseers were seldom prosecuted for such acts. Tornadoes are more common from January to March in the southern part of the state, and from February through March in the northern part of the state. From 1898 to 1965, a period when Louisiana had effectively disfranchised most African Americans and many poor whites by provisions of a new constitution,[271] this was essentially a one-party state dominated by white Democrats. When the United States purchased Louisiana in 1803, it was soon accepted that enslaved Africans could be brought to Louisiana as easily as they were brought to neighboring Mississippi, though it violated U.S. law to do so. In general, the northern terraces have had sufficient time for rivers to cut deep channels, while the newer terraces tend to be much flatter. Louisiana is home to many cultures; especially notable are the distinct cultures of the Louisiana Creoles and Cajuns, descendants of French and Spanish settlers in colonial Louisiana. This included the lands along the Gulf Coast and north of Lake Pontchartrain to the Mississippi River, which became known as British West Florida. Each year New Orleans plays host to the Bayou Classic, and the New Orleans Bowl college football games, while Shreveport hosts the Independence Bowl. The year of construction for 3005 Holiday Park Dr is 1964. [155] At the 2020 United States census, Louisiana had an apportioned population of 4,661,468. [80] A transfer ceremony was held in New Orleans on November 29, 1803. Ranking 41st in the United States with a per capita personal income of $30,952 in 2014,[219][220] its residents per capita income decreased to $28,662 in 2019. [68], Spanish occupation of Louisiana lasted from 1769 to 1800. The state sales tax rate is 4.45%, and parishes can levy additional sales tax on top of this. It also has had the highest homicide rate in the United States since at least the 1990s. The Louisiana territory was officially transferred to the United States government, represented by Meriwether Lewis. In 1724, the French government issued a law called the Code Noir ("Black Code" in English) which regulated the interaction of whites (blancs) and blacks (noirs) in its colony of Louisiana (which was much larger than the current state of Louisiana). They imported thousands of slaves from tribes of West Africa, who spoke several different languages. There are multiple causes.[125][126]. Subsequently, the legal status of French recovered somewhat, but it never regained its pre-Civil War prominence.[240]. Protestants are concentrated in North Louisiana, Central Louisiana, and the northern tier of the Florida Parishes. [81], Louisiana became the eighteenth U.S. state on April 30, 1812; the Territory of Orleans became the State of Louisiana and the Louisiana Territory was simultaneously renamed the Missouri Territory. Louisiana contains a number of areas which, to varying degrees, prevent people from using them. [100], Despite this, gradually black voter registration and turnout increased to 20% and more, and it was 32% by 1964, when the first national civil rights legislation of the era was passed. Ten parishes in the Baton Rouge and New Orleans area had a combined 17% decline in private school enrollment in that period. By 1840, New Orleans had the biggest slave market in the United States, which contributed greatly to the economy of the city and of the state. [214] In late 2007 and early 2008, a 300,000-square-foot (28,000m2) film studio was scheduled to open in Trem, with state-of-the-art production facilities, and a film training institute. The State Police are primarily a traffic enforcement agency, with other sections that delve into trucking safety, narcotics enforcement, and gaming oversight. [202][203] The most significant of these is the Jewish community of the New Orleans area. [144] In addition to National Park Service areas and a United States National Forest, Louisiana operates a system of state parks, state historic sites, one state preservation area, one state forest, and many Wildlife Management Areas. [258], The Louisiana State Penitentiary, Angola - located near the border to Mississippi - is the largest maximum-security prison in the United States. Many people died and survivors suffered through the damage of the widespread floodwaters. [277], In 2015, Louisiana had a higher murder rate (10.3 per 100,000) than any other state in the country for the 27th straight year. Its members are descendants of colonists from the Canary Islands who settled in Spanish Louisiana between 1778 and 1783 and intermarried with other communities such as Frenchman, Acadians, Creoles, Spaniards, and other groups, mainly through the 19th and early 20th centuries. William C. C. Claiborne, Louisiana's first United States governor, said African slave labor was needed because white laborers "cannot be had in this unhealthy climate. Louisiana Creole French is the term for one of the Creole languages. . The governor Luis de Unzaga y Amzaga,[49] eager to gain more settlers, welcomed the Acadians, who became the ancestors of Louisiana's Cajuns. Its members are called Jurors, and together they elect a president as their chairman. Many for-profit private prisons and sheriff-owned prisons have been built and operate here. The settlement of Natchitoches (along the Red River in present-day northwest Louisiana) was established in 1714 by Louis Juchereau de St. Denis,[46] making it the oldest permanent European settlement in the modern state of Louisiana. Training sites in the state include Camp Beauregard near Pineville, Camp Villere near Slidell, Camp Minden near Minden, England Air Park (formerly England Air Force Base) near Alexandria, Gillis Long Center near Carville, and Jackson Barracks in New Orleans. [153] As of 2018,[190] the largest single Hispanic and Latino American ethnicity were Mexican Americans (2.0%), followed by Puerto Ricans (0.3%) and Cuban Americans (0.2%). Lester, G. D., S.G. Sorensen, P. L. Faulkner, C. S. Reid and I. E. Maxit. On April 14, 1812, Congress had authorized Louisiana to expand its borders to include the Florida Parishes,[83][84] but the border change required approval of the state legislature, which it did not give until August 4. The Mississippi River flows along a ridge formed by its natural deposits (known as a levee), from which the lands decline toward a river beyond at an average fall of six feet per mile (3m/km). [119] Gov. A number of Class II and Class III railroads also carry freight. Richard H. Pildes, "Democracy, Anti-Democracy and the Canon". In 2006, a bill was passed which eventually consolidated the two sheriff's departments into one parish sheriff responsible for both civil and criminal matters. [274] If no candidate has more than 50% of the vote, the two candidates with the highest vote totals compete in a runoff election approximately one month later. The breadth of the alluvial region along the Mississippi is 1060 miles (15100km), and along the other rivers, the alluvial region averages about 10 miles (15km) across. [128] Since the coastal wetlands support an economically important coastal fishery, the loss of wetlands is adversely affecting this industry. Louisiana has a humid subtropical climate (Kppen climate classification Cfa), with long, hot, humid summers and short, mild winters. Sunday was to be a day of rest for slaves. In the creolization process, the slaves developed a Louisiana Creole dialect incorporating both French and African forms, which colonists adopted to communicate with them, and which persisted beyond slavery. Congress.[90][91]. [citation needed] Thus property, contractual, business entities structure, much of civil procedure, and family law, as well as some aspects of criminal law, are still based mostly on traditional Roman legal thinking. Sussex (/ s s k s /), from the Old English Ssaxe (lit. Intermarrying with others in the area, they developed what was called Cajun music, cuisine and culture. The current United States senators are Republicans John Neely Kennedy and Bill Cassidy. [217][218] As of 2020, its GSP is greater than the GDPs of Greece, Peru, and New Zealand. One of Louisiana's largest government-owned areas is Kisatchie National Forest. At the same time, there was tremendous social volatility in the aftermath of war, with many whites actively resisting defeat and the free labor market. Louisiana has more Native American tribes than any other southern state, including four that are federally recognized, ten that are state recognized, and four that have not received recognition.[22]. The future of Louisiana's coastline in jeopardy", "New Jersey-Size 'Dead Zone' Is Largest Ever in Gulf of Mexico", "110,000 customers left without power in Texas and Louisiana as major snowstorm moves across the South", "Weather update: Residents react, prepare for a week of snow in Shreveport, Bossier City", "North Louisiana sees second snow storm of 2021; How residents are enjoying the weather", National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, "Kisatchie National Forest National Forest Foundation", "Historical Population Change Data (19102020)", "Census 2020: South Louisiana parishes grew, while northern and rural parishes decline", "Louisiana population shifts to southern, suburban parishes", "Baton Rouge, suburbs grow in population while rural parishes decline, Census data shows", "Census data: Northern LA loses population, area along I-10 makes major gains", "2020 Census: Louisiana keeps 6 congressional seats as population grows 2.7%", "Analyzing the Census: Louisiana saw one of the slowest growth rates in the U.S., but why? [173] According to the 2010 United States census, 5.4% of the population age5 and older spoke Spanish at home, up from 3.5% in 2000; and 4.5% spoke French (including Louisiana French and Louisiana Creole), down from 4.8% in 2000. A third distinct culture in Louisiana is that of the Isleos. The large migration of Acadian refugees to Bayou Lafourche led to the rapid gallicization of the Valenzuela community while the community of San Bernardo (Saint Bernard) was able to preserve much of its unique culture and language into the 21st century. Louisiana averages 27 tornadoes annually. Commerce in the west was virtually blockaded. The state has no NCAA Division II teams and only two NCAA Division III teams. The limited years of Spanish rule at the end of the 18th century did not result in widespread adoption of the Spanish language. The youngest parts of the state were formed during the last 12,000 years as successive deltas of the Mississippi River: the Maringouin, Teche, St. Bernard, Lafourche, the modern Mississippi, and now the Atchafalaya. Because a large part of the population had Union sympathies (or compatible commercial interests), the federal government took the unusual step of designating the areas of Louisiana under federal control as a state within the Union, with its own elected representatives to the U.S. Low temperatures near 20F (7C) occur on occasion in the northern part of the state but rarely do so in the southern part of the state. He had authorized the expenditure of $10million for a port city, and instead received treaties committing the government to spend $15million on a land package which would double the size of the country. [198] Since Creoles were the first settlers, planters and leaders of the territory, they have traditionally been well represented in politics; for instance, most of the early governors were Creole Catholics, instead of Protestants. In 1709, French financier Antoine Crozat obtained a monopoly of commerce in La Louisiane, which extended from the Gulf of Mexico to what is now Illinois.